9 HOMEPAGE REFERENCES

1 USNews, 2008 Aug 7, Bernadine Healy, "From Fish Oil to Medicine": https://health.usnews.com/health-news/family-health/heart/articles/2008/08/07/from-fish-oil-to-medicine

2 Neuroscience News, 2021 Jun 24, "A Low Omega-3 Index Is Just as Strong a Predictor of Early Death as Smoking": https://neurosciencenews.com/omega-3-index-cvd-18801/

3 FoxNews, 2025 Dec 14, "Nutrient deficiency linked to heart disease risk for millions, new study warns": https://www.foxnews.com/health/nutrient-deficiency-linked-heart-disease-risk-millions-new-study-warns

4 99% of Americans fail, average American is over 22:1, from blood tests of over 64,000 people: https://www.zinzinotest.com/en/balancetest?openmap=1#map

5 If you're nowhere near 3:1, you may have serious, long-term issues:

- Clinical Nutrition, February 2026, "Blood omega-3 is inversely related to risk of early-onset dementia," https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0261561425003383;

- Fox News, December 14, 2025, "Nutrient deficiency linked to heart disease risk for millions, new study warns,"

https://www.foxnews.com/health/nutrient-deficiency-linked-heart-disease-risk-millions-new-study-warns

- Foods, Sep 23, 2025, "The Role of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation in Human Health," https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41097470/

- Life Extension, October 2024, "Dangers of an Omega-6 to Omega-3 Imbalance,"

https://www.lifeextension.com/magazine/2019/11/omega-6-overload

- CNN, May 14, 2024, "An imbalance of two healthy fats affects your early death risk, study finds,"

https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/14/health/omega-3-omega-6-death-risk-wellness/index.html

6 UGA College of Public Health, 2024 Apr 24, "UGA study investigates the role of omega-3 and omega-6 fats in preventing disease and death": https://publichealth.uga.edu/not-all-healthy-fats-are-created-equal/

7 EINPressWire, March 19, 2025, "Experts Sound Alarm on Dangerous Omega-6 and Omega-3 Imbalance in U.S. Food Supply":

https://www.einpresswire.com/article/795302194/experts-sound-alarm-on-dangerous-omega-6-and-omega-3-imbalance-in-u-s-food-supply

8 Dr. William Harris, video transcript by Monica Straith, December 15, 2023, "An Omega-3 Index of > or = 8% was associated with the greatest cardioprotection ...": https://blog.algaecal.com/the-hs-omega-3-index/

9 NIH ODS, "Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals" ("Updated: August 22, 2025"): https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/

4 RESEARCH PAGE REFERENCES

1 GOED, "Over 5,000 Third-Party Clinical Trials": https://goedomega3.com/omega-3-basics

2 VeryWell Health, August 20, 2025, "Prescription Fish Oil vs. Supplements": https://www.verywellhealth.com/prescription-and-supplement-omega-3-fatty-acids-698140

3 Vitas Analytical Services, Oslo, Norway: Vitas.no

4 Trustpilot Zinzino Reviews, Feb. 2026: https://www.trustpilot.com/review/www.zinzino.com

US GOVT. NAT'L INSTITUTE OF HEALTH, OFFICE OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS, OMEGA-3 SITE

NIH ODS, "Omega-3 Fatty Acids Fact Sheet for Health Professionals" ("Updated: August 22, 2025"): https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/

This document is placed here, again, because it has so much reference material, and it's also the government's official position on Omega fatty acid data. In 2004, the US Govt.'s FDA (Food & Drug Admin.) approved a qualified health claim for conventional foods and dietary supplements that contain EPA and DHA, which states (and is referenced on this NIH site), "Supportive but not conclusive research shows that consumption of EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease." Of course, 2004 was a long time ago, with a huge number of studies since then finding much more corroborating and urgent conclusions, as pointed out here. But the 2004 statement is still active on the site.

Also note that the 2025 new pregnancy recommendation, from the NIH ODS' "Dietary Supplements and Life Stages: Pregnancy" page, https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Pregnancy-HealthProfessional/, under "Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Seafood," was updated in April 2025 to say: "Research indicates that long-chain omega-3s reduce the risk of preterm birth, so experts recommend that all women of childbearing age consume at least 250 mg/day of DHA plus EPA from diet or supplements, and an additional 100 to 200 mg/day of DHA during pregnancy. Most women who are pregnant do not meet these recommendations."

WHERE DOES THE OMEGA-6:OMEGA-3 RATIO OF 3:1 "SAFE ZONE" ORIGINATE?

If you've read this far, then you're serious about doing your research, and the elephant on the table is this topic.

Anyone on the planet can do a search on Google or your AI/search engine of choice for "what should omega-6:3 ratio be," and universally the response will be similar to Google's, which the vast majority of the PubMed literature supports: "The ideal ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids for health is generally considered to be between 1:1 and 4:1. Modern Western diets often fall far outside this range, with ratios often exceeding 15:1 or 20:1, which is linked to increased inflammation." And Zinzino's recommended "Safe Zone" inside a 3:1 ratio is a result of the research., which you can see from reading many of the links here.

That same search produced: "People also ask, 'What is the ideal ratio of omega-6 to 3?'" with the answer, "This ratio (between 2:1 and 1:1) should be the target for human nutrition. In Western diets, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio has increased to between 10:1 and 20:1." Well, our massive database says it's much worse than that ...

ACTUAL ANALYZED BLOOD DATA SAYS:

As stated out on this site's home page, our company has tested over 60,000 people in the USA (and approximately 1.7 MILLION people worldwide), and the average USA omega-6/omega-3 ratio from those blood tests is over 22:1. It's logical to conclude that the majority of those 60,000 people tested are much more concerned about their health and nutrition than the general population, so the expectation from eventually testing millions of people in the USA is the average ratio across the entire population is much higher than 22:1, which is considered a serious health crisis by most subject experts. :(

That led world-recognized lipid expert Dr. Artemis P. Simopoulos, on Mar 19, 2025, to put out a press release headlined, "Experts Sound Alarm on Dangerous Omega-6 and Omega-3 Imbalance in U.S. Food Supply," four years after many reputable nutrition industry research publications ran the headline, "A Low Omega-3 Index Is Just as Strong a Predictor of Early Death as Smoking" - that was the Jun 24, 2021, Neuroscience News headline, that also ran the same week by Nutritional Outlook and NutraIngredients.com. All of those linked headlines are below, in chronological order, and quickly reached with an easy "Ctrl-F" (or the "find" function) on your device.

DR. ARTEMIS SIMOPOULOS, M.D.

If you're not familiar with Dr. Simopoulos, you should know that her credentials include: Founding Member in 1991 of the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids, Chair of the Nutrition Coordinating Committee of the National Institute of Health for 9 years, graduate of Boston Univ. School of Medicine, publisher of over 200 scientific papers (most of which you can read here: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Artemis-Simopoulos), and author of the 1990 book, "The Omega Diet: The Lifesaving Nutritional Program." You'll see several of her documents listed below.

THE USUAL MISINFORMATION FROM THE CONFLICTED CROWD

Also displayed in that Google search above is the expected confusion from those in the SICKcare industry, who make their money by prescribing drugs instead of by getting people healthy. You'll probably see a source from Harvard Health in 2019 claiming, "No need to avoid healthy omega-6 fats" and "The critics argue that we should cut back on our intake of omega-6 fats to improve the ratio of omega-3 to omega-6s. Hogwash, says the American Heart Association (AHA)." If you click the link provided there, the next line in the linked site says, "Omega-6 fats from vegetable oils — like their cousins, the omega-3 fats from fish — are good for the heart." The Harvard Health publication then goes on to engage in several paragraphs of misdirection, vague commentary, and unhelpful and complicated theories about fats, before stating in the NINTH paragraph, "Most Americans eat more omega-6 fats than omega-3 fats, on average about 10 times more. [No, ALL the data says 15 to 30 times more, and we regularly see people's test results at 40 to 50 times more.] A low intake of omega-3 fats is not good for cardiovascular health, so bringing the two into better balance is a good idea. But don't do this by cutting back on healthy omega-6 fats. Instead, add some extra omega-3s." And that's the end of their newsletter guidance, which seems to be equivalent to irresponsible malpractice if the general public attempts to follow that advice. The conflict of interest issue from the "Big Pharma" crowd is similar to the lack of concern decades ago about cigarette smoking that took forever to coagulate into consensus - and with the Omega Ratio, we have comparable feet-dragging by many financially-compromised interests.

NOW, ON TO THE RESEARCH!

Below is a comprehensive list of clinical studies and news stories on Omega-3, listed chronologically with the most recent at the top, going all the way back to 1992.

All of them are third-party (independent, unrelated to our company) except for the 3 in Aug. of 2025, Aug. 9, 18, and 19, on the Zinzino blood test database, "global variations in omega-3" and "global snapshot on Omega-3 deficiency."

Critical documents below are highlighted in red.

Links to all the documents are visible below (not embedded), for easier searching, and all were active as of Feb. 26, 2026. Also, if a document has moved or a link is bad, it should still be easy to find with a search using the title provided.

2026 Mar 1, Grand Magazine, "Omega‑3s for Older Adults: Does Quality, Source and Science Matter More Than You Think?": https://www.grandmagazine.com/2026/03/omega-3s-for-older-adults-does-quality-source-and-science-matter-more-than-you-think/

2026 Feb 1, Clinical Nutrition, "Blood omega-3 is inversely related to risk of early-onset dementia": https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0261561425003383

2026 Jan 25, Jeremy London, MD, "Heart surgeon with 25 years of experience explains what happens when your omega-3 levels are low: ‘15-30% higher risk…’": https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/health/heart-surgeon-with-25-years-of-experience-explains-what-happens-when-omega-3-levels-are-low-15-30-percent-higher-risk-101769347502707.html

2026 Jan 19, NutritionInsight.com, "Higher omega-3 blood levels linked to reduced early-onset dementia risk despite genetics": https://www.nutritioninsight.com/news/omega-3-early-onset-dementia-brain-supplements.html

2026 Jan 14, Nutraceutical Business Review, "Zinzino highlights personalised wellness, gut health and everyday performance as top trends for 2026": https://nutraceuticalbusinessreview.com/zinzino-highlights-personalised-wellness-gut-health-trends-2026

2026 Jan 1, The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, "Association Between Omega-3 Supplement Use and Cognitive Function in Korean Older Adults": https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1279770725002647

2025 Dec 16, Journal of Clinical Lipidology, "Omega-3 Supplementation Significantly Reduces Levels of Lp-PLA2 Mass": https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41545244/

2025 Dec 14, FoxNews, "Nutrient deficiency linked to heart disease risk for millions, new study warns": https://www.foxnews.com/health/nutrient-deficiency-linked-heart-disease-risk-millions-new-study-warns

2025 Nov 24, Cambridge University Press, Nutrition Research Reviews, "An overview of national and international long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake recommendations for healthy populations": https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nutrition-research-reviews/article/an-overview-of-national-and-international-long-chain-omega3-polyunsaturated-fatty-acid-intake-recommendations-for-healthy-populations/2B7F6FD161EE90A7472B2B20909C4926

2025 Oct 16, Nutr Neurosci, "Unravelling the link between dietary omega-3 fatty acids and risk of Alzheimer's disease": https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41101748/

2025 Oct 14, Scientific American, "Which Anti-Inflammatory Supplements Actually Work?": https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/three-anti-inflammatory-supplements-can-really-fight-disease-according-to/

2025 Sep 23, Foods, "The Role of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation in Human Health": https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41097470/

2025 Sep 09, Verywell Health, "What Taking a Daily Omega-3 Supplement Can Do for Women": https://www.verywellhealth.com/omega-3-benefits-for-women-11802684

2025 Aug 19, Nutraceutical Business Review, "New study unveils global snapshot of omega-3 deficiency": https://.com/new-study-unveils-global-snapshot-of-omega-3

2025 Aug 18, Reuters, "New study unveils global snapshot on Omega-3 deficiency - and why high-precision testing plus an enhanced formula can close the gap": https://www.tradingview.com/news/reuters.com,2025-08-18:newsml_Wkr5dhf9:0-zinzino-ab-publ-new-study-unveils-global-snapshot-on-omega-3-deficiency-and-why-high-precision-testing-plus-an-enhanced-formula-can-close-the-gap/

2025 Aug 16, Biology, "Fighting Autism with Fatty Acids: Maternal Omega-3 Shields the Developing Brain from VPA-Induced Behavioral and Neurochemical Damage": https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40906373/

2025 August 11, Current Issues in Molecular Biology, "Biochemical Battle: Influence of Omega-6 Fatty Acids on the Formation of DNA Adducts with 4-HNE": https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/47/8/645

2025 Aug, Trends in Food Science & Technology, "New insights into the connection between food and mood: Unlock the science-backed benefits of dietary bioactive components toward emotional wellbeing": https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924224425002419

2025 Aug 9, Lipids in Health and Disease, "Global variations in omega-3 fatty acid status and omega-6:omega-3 ratios: insights from > 500,000 whole-blood dried blood spot samples": https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40783537/

2025 May 8, Consumer Lab, "Extra Virgin Olive Oil Review": https://www.consumerlab.com/reviews/extra-virgin-olive-oil-review/evoo/

2025 May 5, Ideastream Public Media, "Omega-3 is vital for heart and brain health. Most people are deficient, CWRU study finds": https://www.ideastream.org/health/2025-05-05/omega-3-is-vital-for-heart-and-brain-health-most-people-are-deficient-cwru-study-finds

2025 Apr 20, WholeFoods Magazine, "ODS Recognizes Importance of Omega-3 DHA for Preterm Birth Prevention": https://www.wholefoodsmagazine.com/articles/17520-ods-recognizes-importance-of-omega-3-dha-for-preterm-birth-prevention

2025 Apr 14, NaturalHealth365, "Seed Oils Fuel Cancer Cell Growth": https://www.naturalhealth365.com/explosive-study-seed-oils-trigger-cancer-growth-in-alarming-new-research.html

2025 Apr 11, Nutraceuticals World, "ODS Updates Guidance on DHA for Preterm and Early Preterm Birth Prevention": https://www.nutraceuticalsworld.com/breaking-news/ods-updates-guidance-on-dha-for-preterm-and-early-preterm-birth-prevention/

2025 Mar 29, Good Housekeeping, "A New Study Says Taking This Supplement Every Day Could Slow Down Aging": https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/health/diet-nutrition/a64303162/study-omega3-fatty-acids-biolgical-age/

2025 Mar 20, OmegaQuant, "Omega-3 Index, Smoking, and Cholesterol Found to be Equal CVD Risk Predictors": https://omegaquant.com/omega-3-index-smoking-and-cholesterol-found-to-be-equal-cvd-risk-predictors/

2025 Mar 20, News-Medical.net, "Low dietary omega-3 intake linked to increased ischemic heart disease burden": https://www.news-medical.net/news/20250320/Low-dietary-omega-3-intake-linked-to-increased-ischemic-heart-disease-burden.aspx

2025 Mar 19, Dr. Artemis P. Simopoulos, "Experts Sound Alarm on Dangerous Omega-6 and Omega-3 Imbalance in U.S. Food Supply": https://www.einpresswire.com/article/795302194/experts-sound-alarm-on-dangerous-omega-6-and-omega-3-imbalance-in-u-s-food-supply

2025 Feb. 13, Healio.com, "Daily omega-3 slows biological aging by almost 4 months":

https://www.healio.com/news/primary-care/20250213/daily-omega3-slows-biological-aging-by-almost-4-months

2025 Feb 3, Journal of Clinical Lipidology, "Omega-3 index improves upon the pooled cohort equation in predicting risk for CVD":

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1933287424002939?dgcid=coauthor

2025 Jan 9, Frontiers in Nutrition, "The association between dietary omega-3 intake and osteoporosis": https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1467559/full

2024 Nov 29, BMC Endocrine Disorders, "The relationship of dietary omega-3 fatty acid and omega-6 to omega-3 ratio intake and likelihood of type 2 diabetes": https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12902-024-01787-y

2024 Nov 5, William S Harris, "Recent studies confirm the utility of the omega-3 index": https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39514368/

2024 Oct 01, Life Extension, "Dangers of an Omega-6 to Omega-3 Imbalance": https://www.lifeextension.com/magazine/2019/11/omega-6-overload

2024 Sep 1, Aggression and Violent Behavior, "Omega-3 supplementation reduces aggressive behavior: A meta-analytic review of randomized controlled trials": https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1359178924000466

2024 Jul 1, Progress in Lipid Research, "Omega-3 world map: 2024 update":

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0163782724000195

2024 May 14, CNN Health, "An imbalance of two healthy fats affects your early death risk, study finds": https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/14/health/omega-3-omega-6-death-risk-wellness/index.html

2024 May 6, JAMA, "Consumption of Olive Oil and Diet Quality and Risk of Dementia-Related Death": https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2818362

2024 May 1, National Geographic, "Inflammation": https://www.nationalgeographic.com/related/ba4cbf37-58f5-30b4-a526-23e89c6d7e37/inflammation

(https://www.thebrightwell.org.uk/post/national-geographic-study-anti-inflammation)

2024 Apr 24, UGA College of Public Health, "UGA study investigates the role of omega-3 and omega-6 fats in preventing disease and death": https://publichealth.uga.edu/not-all-healthy-fats-are-created-equal/

2024 Apr 5, eLife Sciences, "Higher ratio of plasma omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids is associated with greater risk of all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality": https://elifesciences.org/articles/90132

2023 Nov 1, European Heart Journal, "Eicosapentaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, and triglyceride levels mediate most of the benefit of icosapent ethyl in REDUCE-IT": https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article/44/Supplement_2/ehad655.1309/7392975

2023 Aug 4, European Review for Medical & Pharmacological Sciences, "Modulation of inflammation and immunity by omega-3 fatty acids: a possible role for prevention and to halt disease progression in autoimmune, viral, and age-related disorders": https://www.europeanreview.org/article/33310

2023 Jan 18, Frontiers In Nutrition, "The influence of dietary and supplemental omega-3 fatty acids on the omega-3 index": https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2023.1072653/full

2022 Sep 22, Chris Kresser, M.S., "How Too Much Omega-6 and Not Enough Omega-3 Is Making Us Sick": https://chriskresser.com/how-too-much-omega-6-and-not-enough-omega-3-is-making-us-sick/

2021 Sep 1, Missouri Medicine, "The Importance of Maintaining a Low Omega-6/Omega-3 Ratio for Reducing the Risk of Autoimmune Diseases, Asthma, and Allergies": https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8504498/

2021 Jun 28, NutraIngredients.com, "Low Omega-3 Index as powerful a predictor of early death as smoking": https://www.nutraingredients.com/Article/2021/06/28/Low-Omega-3-Index-as-powerful-a-predictor-of-early-death-as-smoking-Study/

2021 Jun 24, Nutritional Outlook, "Poor omega-3 status may be as strong an indicator of early death as smoking, says recent study":

https://www.nutritionaloutlook.com/view/poor-omega-3-status-may-be-as-strong-an-indicator-of-early-death-as-smoking-says-recent-study

2021 Jun 24, Neuroscience News, "A Low Omega-3 Index Is Just as Strong a Predictor of Early Death as Smoking": https://neurosciencenews.com/omega-3-index-cvd-18801/

2021 Apr 22, Molecules, "Polyphenols and Fish Oils for Improving Metabolic Health: A Revision of the Recent Evidence for Their Combined Nutraceutical Effects": https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8122614/

2021 Mar 25, Nutrients, "Importance of EPA and DHA Blood Levels in Brain Structure and Function": https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33806218/

2021 Feb 4, ACS Food Science & Technology, "Sustainably Sourced Olive Polyphenols and Omega-3 Marine Lipids: A Synergy Fostering Public Health": https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.0c00082

2018 May 1, Journal of Clinical Lipidology, "Erythrocyte long-chain omega-3 fatty acid levels are inversely associated with mortality and with incident cardiovascular disease: The Framingham Heart Study": https://www.lipidjournal.com/article/S1933-2874(18)30061-8/fulltext

2018 Mar 20, GrassrootsHealth Nutrient Research Institute, "Higher Omega-3 Index associated with lower mortality":

https://www.grassrootshealth.net/blog/higher-omega-3-index-associated-lower-mortality/

2016 May 24, Nutritional Outlook, "Health Canada Approves Triglyceride Health Claim for EPA and DHA Omega-3s in Food":

https://www.nutritionaloutlook.com/view/health-canada-approves-triglyceride-health-claim-epa-and-dha-omega-3s-food

2016 May 18, Nutritional Outlook, "Widespread Omega-3 Usage Could Save €12.9 Billion in Annual EU Healthcare Costs, Study Suggests":

https://www.nutritionaloutlook.com/view/widespread-omega-3-usage-could-save-129-billion-annual-eu-healthcare-costs-study-suggests

2012 Nov 6, Bethesda Magazine, "The Omega Man: In a world suffering the effects of addiction, depression, suicide and violence, Joe Hibbeln of Silver Spring has a way to fight back: Eat more fish": https://bethesdamagazine.com/2012/11/06/omega-3-2/

2012 May 10, Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, "Effect of Marine Omega 3 Fatty Acids on Methylmercury-Induced Toxicity in Fish and Mammalian Cells In Vitro": https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3359764/#

2011 Aug 23, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, "Suicide Deaths of Active-Duty US Military and Omega-3 Fatty-Acid Status: A Case-Control Comparison": https://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/suicide-deaths-active-duty-military-omega-fatty-acid/

2011 Aug 23, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, "Suicide deaths of active-duty US military and omega-3 fatty-acid status: a case-control comparison": https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21903029/

2010 Sep 15, Artemis P. Simopoulos, "The omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio: health implications": https://www.ocl-journal.org/articles/ocl/full_html/2010/05/ocl2010175p267/ocl2010175p267.html

2008 Aug 7, USNews, Bernadine Healy, "From Fish Oil to Medicine": https://health.usnews.com/health-news/family-health/heart/articles/2008/08/07/from-fish-oil-to-medicine

2004 Jul 1, Preventive Medicine, "The Omega-3 Index: a new risk factor for death from coronary heart disease?": https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091743504000878

2004 Feb 23, Time Magazine, "Inflammation: The Secret Killer": https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,20040223,00.html

2002 Oct 1, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, "The Importance of the Ratio of Omega-6/Omega-3 Essential Fatty Acids": https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12442909/

"Western diets are deficient in omega-3 fatty acids, and have excessive amounts of omega-6 fatty acids ...

"Excessive amounts of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a very high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is found in today's Western diets, promote the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases ...

"In the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, a ratio of 4/1 was associated with a 70% decrease in total mortality."

2002 Apr 11, NEJM, "Blood Levels of Long-Chain n–3 Fatty Acids and the Risk of Sudden Death": https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa012918

1992 May 1 William Lands, FASEB Journal, "Biochemistry and physiology of n-3 fatty acids": https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1096/fasebj.6.8.1592205